“Organic” is pretty straightforward. To be labeled organic, a producer must abide by a stringent set of government standards. The USDA organic seal indicates that a product is certified organic.
Organic Standards from USDA.GOV:
Organic operations must demonstrate that they are protecting natural resources, conserving biodiversity, and using only approved substances. The USDA organic seal verifies that:
Organic crops: irradiation, sewage sludge, synthetic fertilizers, prohibited pesticides, and genetically modified organisms were not used.
Organic livestock: producers met animal health and welfare standards, did not use antibiotics or growth hormones, used 100% organic feed, and provided animals with access to the outdoors.
Organic multi-ingredient foods: product has 95% or more certified organic content. If the label claims that it was made with specified organic ingredients, you can be sure that those specific ingredients are certified organic.
"Local", while it has a geographic connotation, there is no consensus on a definition in terms of the distance between production and consumption according to the USDA 2010 report. The 2008 Farm Act, stated in part, that any food labeled “local” must be produced in the “locality or region in which the final product is marketed, so that the total distance that the product is transported is less than 400 miles from the origin of the product.” So, local is not necessarily close-by.
What is healthier? Organic, and not because Organic is more nutrition-dense, but because it's grown without chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Local is more nutritious since most nutrients begin to degrade the moment its picked, so the sooner it gets to you the better. Organic and local are good healthy options, you just need to know the differences and the costs of both. Organic usually costs more.
Next we'll be looking into catch words slapped onto foods to make them seem healthy, but may not be healthy at all, and may cost more. Words like FAT FREE, ALL NATURAL and FREE RANGE are a few that have NO LEGAL DEFINITIONS enforceable by The Food and Drug Administration or the Federal Trade Commission. And then there's the NO SUGAR ADDED and SUGAR FREE.